Laws related to the practice

This page is a reference list, not advice on your file. Each entry gives the official name, jurisdiction, a short note, and a citation taken from a text or official page that was actually fetched. Later amendments are not claimed unless that later text was fetched too. If a translation conflicts with the Arabic text of a UAE law, the Arabic text prevails.

A statute whose name and year or number could not be confirmed from a source that was actually fetched is not on this list. The page does not claim to cover every possible law.

Practice areas

39 items shown

Companies

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree-Law No. (32) of 2021 on Commercial Companies

The UAE commercial companies law. The UNEP record of this decree says it applies to commercial companies established or operating in the State, except those exempted, and to foreign companies with a head office, branch or representative office in the State. The Ministry of Economy text records issuance on 20 September 2021 and abrogation of Federal Law No. 2 of 2015.

Citation: Federal Decree-Law No. (32) of 2021, issued 20 September 2021 (13 Safar 1443). The same text states that it abrogates Federal Law No. 2 of 2015.

Source fetched: English text published by the UAE Ministry of Economy

Jurisdiction: Iran

Iranian Commercial Code

The core commercial statute: merchants and commercial acts, books, forms of commercial company, negotiable instruments, carriage and bankruptcy. The same fetched text states that articles 21 to 93 (the 1311 joint-stock chapter) were repealed by the 1347 amending bill on part of the Commercial Code.

Citation: Approved 13 Ordibehesht 1311 (2 May 1932 in the civil calendar used by that source). The fetched page titles it “Commercial Code [approved 1311]” and records the approval date 1311/02/13.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Commercial Code approved in 1311

Jurisdiction: Iran

Bill amending part of the Commercial Code (joint-stock companies)

The joint-stock rules which, according to the fetched 1311 Commercial Code text, replaced articles 21 to 93 of that code. A standalone text of the 1347 bill was not fetched for this page; only that repeal, as stated in the Commercial Code text, is recorded.

Citation: Approved 1347, as named in the fetched Commercial Code text.

Source fetched: The same Nezamat text of the Commercial Code

Jurisdiction: Iran

Companies Registration Law

The fetched Commercial Code refers registration of companies that must register to the Companies Registration Law approved in Khordad 1310. A standalone text of that registration law was not fetched for this page.

Citation: Approved Khordad 1310, as cited in the fetched 1311 Commercial Code.

Source fetched: Citation inside the Nezamat Commercial Code text

Trade and commercial dealings

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree by Law No. (50) of 2022 Promulgating the Commercial Transactions Law

The commercial transactions code. Article 1 of the attached law says it applies to merchants and to commercial businesses, including business carried out through modern technology, even if the person is not a merchant. Article 2 of the decree repeals Federal Law No. 18 of 1993. Article 4 states that it enters into force on 2 January 2023.

Citation: Federal Decree by Law No. (50) of 2022, issued 3 October 2022 (7 Rabi al-Awwal 1444), in force from 2 January 2023.

Source fetched: English text on an official UAE government asset (u.ae)

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Law No. (3) of 2022 Concerning Regulating Commercial Agencies

The federal commercial-agencies statute, under this title and number on the official UAE legislation portal. The full article text was not downloaded for this page; the note follows the official title on that page.

Citation: Federal Law No. (3) of 2022.

Source fetched: Official UAE legislation portal

Jurisdiction: Iran

Customs Affairs Law

The framework for customs formalities on goods entering or leaving the customs territory, including import, export and transit, and the role of Iran Customs. The source page presents the text as approved on 1390/08/22, with amendments noted through 1401/02/11. No later amendment is claimed here.

Citation: Approved 22 Aban 1390 (13 November 2011). The source page notes amendments through 11 Ordibehesht 1401.

Source fetched: Ekhtebar — text of the Customs Affairs Law

Jurisdiction: Iran

Executive regulations of the Customs Affairs Law

The fetched text says the Cabinet, at its meeting of 6 Esfand 1391 (24 February 2013), on the proposal of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance and under article 164 of the Customs Affairs Law approved in 1390, approved these regulations. Article 1 defines the terms and names “the Law” as the Customs Affairs Law approved in 1390 and “Iran Customs” as the central headquarters of the Customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A later amendment that was not in this fetched text is not claimed here.

Citation: Approved 6 Esfand 1391. The same page records number 262758/T47775H dated 29 Esfand 1391 and publication on 6 Farvardin 1392.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the 1391 executive regulations of the Customs Affairs Law

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services

The official UAE government page says this decree aims to promote legal confidence in electronic transactions through trust services, improve licensing of services that support digital transactions, and protect customer rights. The same page says the law regulates the validity of electronic documents, raises the legal value of the digital signature, sets rules for storing, sending and receiving an electronic document so that it is valid, and sets licensing requirements for trust-service providers. It names the Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority as the regulator.

Citation: Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2021, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: Official UAE government page (u.ae) on the Electronic Transactions and Trust Services law

Jurisdiction: Iran

Electronic Commerce Law

The fetched text records approval on 17 Dey 1382 (7 January 2004). Article 1 says the law is the set of principles and rules used for easy and secure exchange of information in electronic media and through new communication systems. Article 6 says that where the law requires a writing, a data message counts as a writing except for title deeds to immovable property, sale of medicines to the end consumer, and notices that give a specific instruction for using goods. Article 7 says that where the law requires a signature, an electronic signature is enough.

Citation: Approved 17 Dey 1382. The same page records publication on 11 Bahman 1382.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Electronic Commerce Law

Jurisdiction: Iran

Cheque Issuance Law

The fetched text is titled Cheque Issuance Law [approved 1355] and records approval on 16 Tir 1355 (7 July 1976). Article 1, marked in that text as added on 11 Aban 1372 (2 November 1993), lists types of cheque and defines an ordinary cheque as one persons draw on banks against their current account, the holder having no guarantee other than the drawer’s credit. The text as it stood before that addition was not fetched separately.

Citation: Approved 16 Tir 1355. The same page records publication on 19 Mordad 1355.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Cheque Issuance Law approved in 1355

Jurisdiction: Iran

Law amending the Cheque Issuance Law (approved 1397)

The fetched text records approval on 13 Aban 1397 (4 November 2018). Its article 1 adds a note to article 1 of the Cheque Issuance Law approved on 16 Tir 1355, so that cheque rules also apply to an electronic cheque (a data message), and it obliges the Central Bank to take the necessary steps within one year of the law taking effect. Article 2 of the same text replaces article 4: if the cheque is not paid for a reason in article 3, the bank must immediately record that it is not payable in the Central Bank’s integrated system and issue a certificate with a tracking code.

Citation: Approved 13 Aban 1397. The same page records publication on 5 Azar 1397.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the 1397 amending law on cheques

Jurisdiction: Iran

Law amending the Cheque Issuance Law (approved 1400)

The fetched text records approval on 29 Farvardin 1400 (18 April 2021). Article 1 deletes from article 6 of the Cheque Issuance Law the phrases on a validity period and the three-year cap. Article 2 changes the scope of note 1 of article 21 bis to cheque leaves from chequebooks presented after the end of Esfand 1399. Article 3 adds an article 24 on guaranteed cheques and says banks may issue and deliver a guaranteed cheque only through the Sayad system.

Citation: Approved 29 Farvardin 1400. The same text says the Guardian Council confirmed it on 18 Ordibehesht 1400. The page records publication on 2 Khordad 1400.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the 1400 amending law on cheques

Property and civil dealings

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree by Law No. (25) of 2025 Promulgating the Civil Transactions Law

The federal decree promulgating the Civil Transactions Law, as listed under this title and number on the official legislation portal. Articles and the commencement date were not taken from a separate full text for this page.

Citation: Federal Decree by Law No. (25) of 2025.

Source fetched: Official UAE legislation portal

Jurisdiction: UAE

Law No. (7) of 2006 Concerning Real Property Registration in the Emirate of Dubai

A Dubai law, not a federal law, on registration of real property. Article 1 of the fetched English text cites the law by this name. That copy is a translation issued by Dubai’s Supreme Legislation Committee, and the text itself says the Arabic version prevails if there is a conflict.

Citation: Law No. (7) of 2006 of the Emirate of Dubai.

Source fetched: English text in the Dubai legislation reference collection

Jurisdiction: UAE

Law No. 19 of 2005 Concerning the Regulation of the Real Estate Sector in Abu Dhabi

The official u.ae page says this law allows expatriates in Abu Dhabi to own floors and apartments only, not land, through ownership, musataha, usufruct and long-term lease. It describes ownership as a 99-year deed of a residential unit excluding the land, musataha as 50 years renewable, usufruct as 99 years, and a long-term lease as starting at not less than 25 years. The same page describes an April 2019 amendment of articles 3 and 4 but does not give that amending law its own number and year, so the amendment is not listed here as a separate statute.

Citation: Law No. 19 of 2005, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: Official UAE government page (u.ae) on expatriates buying property

Jurisdiction: UAE

Regulation No. 3 of 2006 Determining Areas for Ownership by Non-Nationals of Real Property in the Emirate of Dubai

The official u.ae page says foreign ownership in Dubai is permitted in areas designated as freehold, and that foreigners who do not live in the UAE and expatriate residents may acquire freehold ownership, usufruct, or leasehold for up to 99 years. It says article 3 of this regulation indicates the plots designated as freehold, and that title deeds are issued by the Land Department.

Citation: Regulation No. 3 of 2006 of the Emirate of Dubai, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: The same official u.ae page on buying property

Jurisdiction: UAE

Executive Council Resolution No. 26 of 2014 Regarding the Usufruct of Real Estate Properties in the Emirate of Sharjah

The official u.ae page says that under this resolution foreign nationals and companies owned by them do not have a right to own, but have a usufruct right for a maximum of 100 years after registering it with the Sharjah Real Estate Registration Department. The same page says the usufruct must be within areas specified by the Government of Sharjah and is given only after special approval from the Ruler of Sharjah.

Citation: Executive Council Resolution No. 26 of 2014, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: The same official u.ae page on buying property

Jurisdiction: Iran

Apartment Ownership Law

The fetched text records approval on 16 Esfand 1343 (7 March 1965). Article 1 says ownership in the apartments and business or dwelling units of one building has two parts: exclusive parts and common parts. Article 2 treats as common a part whose use is not limited to one or more apartments or business units and which belongs to all owners in proportion to their exclusive part. Article 4 is marked in the text as amended on 11 Khordad 1376 (1 June 1997) and makes payment of common expenses compulsory even if the unit is not used. No other amendment is claimed unless it is marked in this text.

Citation: Approved 16 Esfand 1343. The same page records publication on 30 Ordibehesht 1344.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Apartment Ownership Law

Jurisdiction: Iran

Law amending and deleting provisions of the Registration of Deeds and Real Estate Law approved in 1310 and its later amendments

The fetched text records approval on 31 Tir 1365 (22 July 1986) and names itself as an amendment of the Registration of Deeds and Real Estate Law approved in 1310. Article 1, marked in the same text as amended on 21 Shahrivar 1370 (12 September 1991), replaces article 147 of that law so as to settle the registration status of buildings persons erected up to 1 Farvardin 1370 on land for which a formal deed could not be drawn because of a legal obstacle, and of agricultural land, farming rights and orchards. A standalone text of the 1310 law was not fetched for this page.

Citation: Approved 31 Tir 1365. The same page records publication on 22 Mordad 1365.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the amending law on registration of deeds and real estate

Transport

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree by Law No. (43) of 2023 Concerning the Maritime Law

The federal maritime law, under this title and number on the official legislation portal. The article text was not downloaded separately for this page.

Citation: Federal Decree by Law No. (43) of 2023.

Source fetched: Official UAE legislation portal

Jurisdiction: Iran

Iranian Maritime Law

The fetched text is titled Maritime Law, records approval on 29 Shahrivar 1343 (20 September 1964), and opens with a chapter on ship nationality and registration. Article 1(1) says a seagoing ship of at least 25 tons registered net tonnage may take Iranian nationality if it belongs to Iranian persons and is registered under this law; if it belongs to an Iranian company the shares must be registered and at least 51 percent of the real capital must belong to Iranian nationals. That paragraph is marked in the same text as amended on 16 Aban 1391 (6 November 2012). No other amendment is claimed unless it is marked in this text.

Citation: Approved 29 Shahrivar 1343. The same page records publication on 6 Ordibehesht 1344.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Maritime Law

Jurisdiction: Iran

Carriage chapter of the Commercial Code

Carriage of goods is a separate chapter of the 1311 Commercial Code: the carrier is the person who undertakes to carry things for a fee. The detail sits in that statute, already listed above, and is not repeated here.

Citation: Commercial Code, approved 1311/02/13, chapter on the contract of carriage.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Commercial Code

Employment

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree by Law No. (33) of 2021 Concerning Regulating Labour Relations

The federal labour-relations decree, under this title and number on the official portal. The preamble of Decree-Law No. 50 of 2022, fetched separately, refers to the same number as regulating employment relationships. The labour statute’s articles were not downloaded separately for this page.

Citation: Federal Decree by Law No. (33) of 2021.

Source fetched: Official UAE legislation portal

Jurisdiction: UAE

Cabinet Resolution No. (1) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulation of Federal Decree-Law No. (33) of 2021 Regulating Labour Relations

The executive regulation of that labour decree. The title and number were read on the official portal; the regulation’s articles were not downloaded separately.

Citation: Cabinet Resolution No. (1) of 2022, on the executive regulation of Decree-Law No. (33) of 2021.

Source fetched: Official UAE legislation portal

Jurisdiction: Iran

Labour Law

The labour law. In the fetched text, employers, workers, workshops and production, industrial, service and agricultural establishments must follow it, and a worker is a person who works for remuneration at the employer’s request.

Citation: Approved 29 Aban 1369 (20 November 1990). The fetched copy records that date in the header and points to the Majlis Research Centre print.

Source fetched: FAOLEX copy of the labour-law print

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree-Law No. 20 of 2023 Amending Certain Provisions of Federal Decree-Law No. 33 of 2021 Regarding the Regulation of Employment Relationships

The official u.ae page names this decree as amending certain provisions of Decree-Law No. 33 of 2021 and calls that body of law the UAE labour law governing private-sector employer-employee relations. It says the provisions apply to all private-sector businesses, employees and employers, and do not apply to federal and local government staff, the armed forces, police and security, or domestic workers. It gives 2 February 2022 as the date the labour law became effective and replaced Federal Law No. 8 of 1980, not as the date of the 2023 decree itself.

Citation: Federal Decree-Law No. 20 of 2023, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: Official UAE government page (u.ae) on private-sector employment laws

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree-Law No. 9 of 2022 Concerning Domestic Workers

The official u.ae page says Decree-Law No. 21 of 2023 amends certain provisions of this Decree-Law No. 9 of 2022, and that it regulates recruitment and employment of domestic workers. The same page lists as prohibited the employment of anyone under 18, discrimination on race, colour, gender, religion, nationality or disability, sexual harassment, forced labour or human trafficking, physical harm, and assignment of tasks not covered by the contract. The 2023 amendment is listed separately.

Citation: Federal Decree-Law No. 9 of 2022, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: Official UAE government page (u.ae) on domestic workers

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree-Law No. 21 of 2023 Amending Certain Provisions of Federal Decree-Law No. 9 of 2022 Concerning Domestic Workers

The official u.ae page names this decree as amending certain provisions of Decree-Law No. 9 of 2022 and says it regulates recruitment and employment of domestic workers, defines both parties’ responsibilities in a balanced way, and safeguards their rights and obligations. The amending articles were not downloaded separately for this page; the note is from that official page.

Citation: Federal Decree-Law No. 21 of 2023, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: The same official u.ae page on domestic workers

Jurisdiction: UAE

Ministerial Resolution No. 674 of 2022 Regarding the Regulation of Labour Relations for Domestic Workers

The official u.ae page lists this resolution, by this title and number, among related resolutions on domestic workers. The articles of the resolution were not fetched separately for this page.

Citation: Ministerial Resolution No. 674 of 2022, as listed on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: The same official u.ae page on domestic workers

Jurisdiction: UAE

Ministerial Resolution No. 675 of 2022 on the Coverage of Certain Domestic Work Professions Under the Wages Protection System

The official u.ae page lists this resolution, by this title and number, among related resolutions on domestic workers. The articles of the resolution were not fetched separately for this page.

Citation: Ministerial Resolution No. 675 of 2022, as listed on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: The same official u.ae page on domestic workers

Jurisdiction: UAE

Ministerial Resolution No. 676 of 2022 Regarding the Licensing and Regulation of Domestic Labour Recruitment Agencies

The official u.ae page lists this resolution, by this title and number, among related resolutions on domestic workers. The articles of the resolution were not fetched separately for this page.

Citation: Ministerial Resolution No. 676 of 2022, as listed on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: The same official u.ae page on domestic workers

Jurisdiction: UAE

Cabinet Resolution No. 106 of 2022 Pertaining to the Executive Regulations of Federal Decree-Law No. 9 of 2022 Concerning Domestic Workers

The official u.ae page attributes the penalty tables for recruitment offices and employers who breach the domestic-workers law to this resolution as their source, and names it as the executive regulations of Decree-Law No. 9 of 2022. The articles of the resolution were not fetched separately for this page.

Citation: Cabinet Resolution No. 106 of 2022, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page as the source of the penalty tables.

Source fetched: The same official u.ae page on domestic workers

Jurisdiction: Iran

Social Security Law

The fetched text is titled Social Security Law [approved 1354] and records approval on 3 Tir 1354 (24 June 1975). Article 1, marked in the text as amended on 28 Tir 1358 (19 July 1979), says that in order to carry out and extend the kinds of social insurance an independent organisation called the Social Security Organisation is formed, with legal personality and financial and administrative independence. Article 2 defines the insured person as someone who is personally subject to the social-security rules and, by paying contributions, has the right to the benefits. No other amendment is claimed unless it is marked in this text.

Citation: Approved 3 Tir 1354. The same page records publication on 25 Tir 1354.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Social Security Law approved in 1354

Jurisdiction: Iran

Unemployment Insurance Law

The fetched text is titled Unemployment Insurance Law [approved 1369] and records approval on 26 Shahrivar 1369 (17 September 1990). Article 1 says everyone covered by the Social Security Law who is subject to the labour and agricultural-labour laws is covered, and it excepts retirees and those totally disabled, the self-employed and voluntary insured, and foreign nationals. Article 2 defines an unemployed person as an insured person who became unemployed without willing it and is ready to work.

Citation: Approved 26 Shahrivar 1369. The same page records publication on 1 Aban 1369.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Unemployment Insurance Law approved in 1369

Civil procedure and enforcement

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree-Law No. 42 of 2022 Promulgating the Civil Procedure Code

The official u.ae page says civil procedures are regulated by this decree and that the law applies to civil procedures before the courts in the UAE. The same page says it regulates the method, procedures and jurisdiction of civil, commercial and personal-status cases, establishes how judgments are appealed and executed, and contains provisions on using remote-communication technology in civil procedures.

Citation: Federal Decree-Law No. 42 of 2022, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: Official UAE government page (u.ae) on general provisions of litigation

Jurisdiction: UAE

Federal Decree-Law No. 35 of 2022 Promulgating the Law of Evidence in Civil and Commercial Transactions

The official u.ae page says this decree allows electronic systems and remote-communication technology in evidentiary and procedural steps before the courts and gives those steps the same legal validity as in-person procedures, and that a remote step that cannot be completed may be postponed. The same page says the court may examine litigants in person or remotely, and that a witness may be heard remotely and must take the oath.

Citation: Federal Decree-Law No. 35 of 2022, as named by that title and number on the official u.ae page.

Source fetched: Official UAE government page (u.ae) on virtual litigation

Jurisdiction: Iran

Civil Procedure Code of the Public and Revolutionary Courts

The fetched text records approval on 21 Farvardin 1379 (9 April 2000). Article 1 defines civil procedure as the principles and rules applied in non-contentious matters and all civil and commercial cases in the public courts, revolutionary courts, appeal courts, the Supreme Court and other bodies obliged to follow it. Article 10 places first-instance jurisdiction, as the case may be, in the public and revolutionary courts unless another law names a different body. Article 12 places claims about immovable property in the court where the property is.

Citation: Approved 21 Farvardin 1379. The same page records publication on 11 Ordibehesht 1379.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Civil Procedure Code

Jurisdiction: Iran

Law on Execution of Civil Judgments

The fetched text records approval on 1 Aban 1356 (23 October 1977). Article 1 says no judgment of the courts of justice is executed unless it has become final or an order for provisional execution has been made in the cases the law specifies. Article 2 ties execution to service on the judgment debtor or that person’s lawyer or successor and to a written request by the judgment creditor. Article 4 says execution is by issuing a writ of execution unless the law provides otherwise, and that no writ is issued for a declaratory judgment that does not require an act by the debtor.

Citation: Approved 1 Aban 1356. The same page records publication on 26 Azar 1356.

Source fetched: Nezamat text of the Law on Execution of Civil Judgments